Suicide Research Paper :: essays research papers

Suicide, its not pretty. For those of you who dont know what it is, its the Process of ending ones life. Suicide is sometime seen as understandable or even honorable in sure circumstances. Such as in protests (hunger strike), as part of battle or resistance (suicide pilots(WWII), suicide bombers) or as a way of preserving the honor of a dishonored person (killing yourself to save someone else). Nearly one million people world wide commit suicide each year, with anywhere from 10 to 20 million suicide attempts annually.Suicide is the eighth leadership cause of death in males and the 16th leading cause of death in females. It is the third leading cause of death for people 10 to 24 year of age. Trends in rates of suicides for teens 15 to 19 years old show that from 1950 to 1990 the frequency of suicides went up by 300%. From 1990 to 2003, that rate went down 35%. Self-mutilation is one of the most common methods of committing suicide. Self-mutilation means to deliberately hurt yourself without meaning to kill someone else. Examples of self-mutilation ar cutting any part of the body (usually the wrists), self-burning, head-banging, pinching, and scratching. The effects of suicide on friends and family are often devastating. Individuals who lose a loved one from suicide are more at risk for becoming pre-occupied with the reason for it. Wanting to deny or hide the cause of death, wondering if they could have prevented it, whim blamed for the problems that preceded the suicide, feeling rejected by their loved one, and stigmatized by others really makes friends and family feel like they?re not wanted. Survivors of suicide may feel a great be given of conflicting emotions about the deceased, feeling everything from intense sadness about the loss, and helpless to prevent it.Every suicide has it?s reasons, but a lot of them aren?t so legitimate. An example of a possible trigger for suicide is a real or imagined loss, like the breakup of a romantic relationship, movi ng, loss of a friend, loss of freedom, or loss of other privileges. Older people are more likely to kill themselves using a firearm compared to younger people. around people commit suicide by threatening police officers, sometimes even with an unloaded gun or a fake weapon. That is commonly referred to as ?Suicide by cop.? Although firearms are the most common way people complete suicide, trying to

Magical Realism in Gabriel Garcias A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings

magical realness in Gabriel Garcias A Very Old Man with Enormous travel A Very old Man with Enormous Wings (1955) is a short story by Garbriel Garcia Marquez, a Latin American author. This story contains numerous elements of Magical Realism, such as having one and only(a) fantastic element while being reality based, having a deeper meaning, and having no need to justify or rationalize events or human actions. The magical elements in this story are the old man (that is assumed to be an paragon) and the girl who was turned into a spider because she disobeyed her parents. The backer is the element in Magical Realism that discovers the mysterious parts in life. Most people believe in supernatural beings like angels. Angels are unremarkably thought of as protecting and taking one to the afterlife. The angel was believed to have come to take the baby to heaven. Another magical element was the sicknesses of the people who came to be healed by the angel. There was a poor woman wh o since birth had been counting her heartbeats and had ran out of numbers a Portuguese man who couldnt sleep because the stochasticity of the stars disturbed him a sleep-walker who got up at night to undo the things he had done while awake (527). The realistic elements include everything else in this story. The peoples curiosity to the angel and the lady spider are authentic. This element shows the curiosity of everyday people. Another trait of people is shown by Peylo and Elisenda, who take advantage of the angel by retentiveness him in a chicken coop and charging admission to see him. The purpose of the lady spider may have been to scare children into obeying their parents. The girl was normal until one night when she went against her parents wishes to a dance. On her wa... ..., an angel and an everyday world are crossed, and no one doubts the appearance. The deeper meaning is told though the life of the angel after he was caged and has an impact on any that would read it. Thi s short story would be good for anyone to read whether he or she had read many Magical Realism stories or if he or she have not. Gabriel Garcia Marquez does a perfect job of transforming the common and everyday into the awesome and unreal (Flores 114). I thoroughly enjoyed this story. Works Cited Flores, Angel. Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction. Magical Realism Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham N.C. Duke UP, 1995 109-118. Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings. The Norton Introduction to literature. Ed. Jerome Beaty. N.Y. W.W. Norton and Company, 1996 525-529.

Whitewater vs. Watergate :: American America History

Whitewater vs. Watergate. Both are political sandals that have rocked the nation. As Watergate unraveled, many of Nixons dirty tactics were learned, including respective(a) lists of enemies (a number of which became targets of IRS levy audits), wiretapping, political sabotage, burglary, blackballing, and smear campaigns. Similarly, as Whitewater unfolded, the scandal appeared to involve to a greater extent than just an iniquitous loan. It touched on possible hush silver paid to witnesses and includes the scholarship of more than 900 confidential FBI files on Bush and Reagan appointees. In many aspects, the two are very similar. They are alike in the cover-ups they two produced. But they cool it are about two totally different events. Each of these scandals is associated with a central lamentable event and both involved a web of political intrigue.1First, what were Whitewater and Watergate? Whitewater started as a land information of riverfront property in Arkansas in the 198 0s. The Clintons received a large share of the development without putting up any money. The development went bad, so additional capital was needed. There is evidence and testimony suggesting that this cash was obtained illegally from the federal government and neer paid back. As for Watergate - though it was revealed by the Senate Watergate committee as an unprecedented abuse of presidential power that was extremely dangerous to the country, it is remembered 25 years subsequent as a strange and unsuccessful burglary in the Watergate office building by people linked to the reelection committee of Nixon. But Watergate was so much more than a political burglary. The Senate hearings showed Watergate was composed of constant criminality by the Nixon White House, and was driven by an extreme commitment to maintain control of power by any means, including criminal conduct. It included the break-in of a psychiatrists office for the purpose of smearing Daniel Elsberg - the leaker of the P entagon Papers the misuse of the IRS and other federal agencies to punish those on the presidents enemies list the illegal wiretapping of journalists and members of Nixons own governing and the purposeful editing of government documents to enhance a political agenda.2Many similarities come up when discussing Whitewater and Watergate. The scandals may be separated by two decades, notwithstanding much irony is evident when they are compared. For example, in 1974, Hillary Rodham was employed as a lawyer by the House Judiciary Committees impeachment inquiry, on with Bernard Nussbaum, former of import counsel at the Clinton White House.Whitewater vs. Watergate American America HistoryWhitewater vs. Watergate. Both are political sandals that have rocked the nation. As Watergate unraveled, many of Nixons dirty tactics were learned, including assorted lists of enemies (a number of which became targets of IRS tax audits), wiretapping, political sabotage, burglary, blackballing, and sm ear campaigns. Similarly, as Whitewater unfolded, the scandal appeared to involve more than just an illegal loan. It touched on possible hush money paid to witnesses and includes the acquisition of more than 900 confidential FBI files on Bush and Reagan appointees. In many aspects, the two are very similar. They are alike in the cover-ups they both produced. But they still are about two totally different events. Each of these scandals is associated with a central criminal event and both involved a web of political intrigue.1First, what were Whitewater and Watergate? Whitewater started as a land development of riverfront property in Arkansas in the 1980s. The Clintons received a large share of the development without putting up any money. The development went bad, so additional capital was needed. There is evidence and testimony suggesting that this cash was obtained illegally from the federal government and never paid back. As for Watergate - though it was revealed by the Senate Wat ergate committee as an unprecedented abuse of presidential power that was extremely dangerous to the country, it is remembered 25 years later as a strange and unsuccessful burglary in the Watergate office building by people linked to the reelection committee of Nixon. But Watergate was so much more than a political burglary. The Senate hearings showed Watergate was composed of constant criminality by the Nixon White House, and was driven by an extreme commitment to maintain control of power by any means, including criminal conduct. It included the break-in of a psychiatrists office for the purpose of smearing Daniel Elsberg - the leaker of the Pentagon Papers the misuse of the IRS and other federal agencies to punish those on the presidents enemies list the illegal wiretapping of journalists and members of Nixons own administration and the purposeful editing of government documents to enhance a political agenda.2Many similarities come up when discussing Whitewater and Watergate. The scandals may be separated by two decades, but much irony is evident when they are compared. For example, in 1974, Hillary Rodham was employed as a lawyer by the House Judiciary Committees impeachment inquiry, along with Bernard Nussbaum, former chief counsel at the Clinton White House.

The Story of Lot and His Daughters Essay examples -- Religion Theology

The Story of Lot and His DaughtersAs discussed in class, the Old Testament is a story of the constant struggle between the master key and his authority, and valet de chambre and their rebellion. God brings depressed penalization upon Man, but saves a few righteous individuals. It is within the framework of this constant struggle that the rules of an evolving society are laid down and recorded. In the story of Lot and his daughters, we see the taboos of disobedience to the Lord, incest and poor hospitality condemned. The pericope begins in Genesis 19, when the Lord tells Abraham that he will destroy Sodom unless he stack find ten righteous men in the city. The angels of the lord come to Sodom to find its righteous men, and Abrahams nephew, Lot, receives them. He treats them as honored guests, washing their feet and cater them. A crowd of overly curious Sodomites harass Lot, demanding to see his guests. Lot protects his guests, even off offering his two virgin daughters up in their stead.This can be read in two ways. One sees this as an act of pandering his daughters out. This calls into question Lots values. His good treatment of the angels, and Gods subsequent aegis of Lot, shows him to be righteous, so this must not be the case. I choose to go with the chain of thought that this is meant to be an example of the Sodomites lack of interest in women. They ignore the offer and try to attack Lot and his household.Lots actions stress the importance of being a good host at a time when the only things that mattered were ones family or tribe name, and ones fair treatment of those one came in contact with. In Dantes Inferno, in the Ninth Circle of Hell, traitors to guests are second only to traitors to benefactors as far ... ...ventually attempting to curse and rule over them. In Deuteronomy 28-21, we see that the Lord had the Israelites leave both tribes alone, showing a small amount of favor for Lot and his descendants. In fact, the Moabites r esurface throughout the Old Testament, at times even subjugating the Israelites (Judges 312-29). It is possible that the Lord used the Moabites to teach the Israelites the importance of staying true to him, again echoing the constant struggle between the benefactor and his family.This rebellion and punishment simply repeat the cycle of the power struggle between God and Mankind that the Old Testament is based on. It is a book of lessons for living a life in a time when societies were still learning how to function. Through the story of Lot, three rules of society are re-stressed. They are to obey authority, be hospitable, and neutralise incest.

MIT Oxygen, Network Technologies :: Essays Papers

MIT Oxygen, Network Technologies The more advanced our civilization becomes the more stress we endure. The Oxygen project at MIT is attempting to make our lives easier by taking out the little things to give us more time for the more important jobs in life. A small but significant man of the Oxygen project is drift wireless networks of devices project. With the ability to have everything in your life networked through automatic wireless technology will make our devices in our world interact quickly with no setup time. The WIND project is developing middleware and protocols that will enable applications networks of devices, sensors, and computers to communicate with each other with minimal manual or a priori configuration. With the main goal is to provide the system infrastructure for a large class of pervasive computing applications for a world in which communication is everywhere and computation extends to even the most specialized of devices to make them connected to the netw ork. The WIND software addresses several inter-related areas such as configuration and content routing, the task of automatically creating topologies and adapting them to mobility, making sure that messages are routed even in the face of dynamism, taking bandwidth, latency, and energy consumption into account. Resource discovery, the task of automatically discovering and use networked resources, without manual configuration or administration. The last goal is to be able to adjust to changing network conditions, including congestion, wireless errors, latency variations, and route changes. They have been functional on developing location-dependent applications that use automatic location discovery and active map dissemination techniques to navigate new geographic environments and discover resources and people there. WIND uses the late binding technique provided by international naming system. Which integrates name resolution and message routing to track mobility and change, and us es intentional names to describe what its applications want or provide, rather than simply where in the network they might be found? WIND also uses self-configuring application-level overlay networks to achieve flexibility and deployment with minimal prior configuration. Ensuring estimable and authenticated access to devices and maintaining device and user privacy is the most important factor in the WIND project.

MIT Oxygen, Network Technologies :: Essays Papers

MIT Oxygen, Network Technologies The more advanced our civilization becomes the more stress we endure. The Oxygen project at MIT is attempting to find our lives easier by taking out the little things to give us more time for the more important jobs in life. A small but earthshaking part of the Oxygen project is WIND wireless networks of devices project. With the ability to swallow everything in your life networked through automatic wireless technology will disembowel our devices in our domain interact quickly with no setup time. The WIND project is developing middleware and protocols that will enable applications networks of devices, sensors, and computers to communicate with each other with minimum manual or a introductoryi kind. With the main goal is to provide the system infrastructure for a large class of pervasive computing applications for a world in which communication is everywhere and computation extends to even the most specialized of devices to make them connect ed to the network. The WIND software addresses several inter-related areas such as configuration and message routing, the task of automatically creating topologies and adapting them to mobility, making sure that messages are routed even in the face of dynamism, taking bandwidth, latency, and energy consumption into account. Resource discovery, the task of automatically discovering and using networked resources, without manual configuration or administration. The last goal is to be able to adjust to changing network conditions, including congestion, wireless errors, latency variations, and route changes. They have been working on developing location-dependent applications that use automatic location discovery and active map dissemination techniques to navigate new geographic environments and discover resources and batch there. WIND uses the late binding technique provided by international naming system. Which integrates name resolution and message routing to track mobility and ch ange, and uses intentional names to describe what its applications postulate or provide, rather than simply where in the network they might be found? WIND also uses self-configuring application-level overlay networks to achieve flexibility and deployment with minimal prior configuration. Ensuring secure and authenticated access to devices and maintaining device and user privacy is the most important factor in the WIND project.

Did Charlemagne deserve the title “Great”? Essay

A great ruler is a different fancy for different people. It can include great skill in battle, or great administration strategy. www.dictionary.com Explains Great as1.Powerful influential one of the great nations of the West.2.Eminent deluxe a great leader.3.Grand aristocratic.Charlemagne was a ruler who ruled over the Frankish Empire in the middle-dark ages. Many historians regard him as great, for he did umpteen things for the Christian Religion. We do not specifically know when Charlemagne was called great.Charlemagne was an accomplished conqueror and good with bribes. In one sense, Charlemagne did more than just restore the empire. He added to it which Roman blazonry never reached (64, The Times Illustrated History of Medieval Europe, Felipe Fernandez-Armando). From this source, we can tell that Charlemagne was an accomplished conqueror, which could be considered as great. Charlemagne conquered many new lands, and he took over Saxony, a colossal piece of land, with tough, s trong people.This would make Charlemagnes court admire him, for the far-reaches of his empire would bring them riches and wealth. He could then use this new-found wealth to shower the Catholic church service with money and riches. Einhard wrote He provided it with a great number of vessels of gold and silver. It seems (for we do not know for certain when this title was given) as though the title great was given by the Catholic perform for they admired Charlemagne as he had helped defend and spread Christianity. This would lead the Catholic Church to think that he was great.Charlemagne act to revive the old Roman ways of Law, standardization, accomplishment and hygiene. Charlemagne was also the creator of the Carolingian Renaissance. He revitalised learning in the courts, took interest in books and do sure that all the books of earlier generations were kept for the future. This would give the scholars a reason to call Charlemagne great, forhe had revived learning from a period o f Darkness where learning was forgotten and thrown away. Charlemagnes rule marked the end of the Dark ages, and the middle ages had begun. With this, Charlemagne also standardised currency using silver, while earlier there were many different types making the country run amok in confusion. He could have been called great from historians later on, who would consider this a great feat.Charlemagne could be a cruel and harsh ruler. He had many Saxons massacred in his campaign for Saxony, and he did not see it as either cruel or harsh. The Catholic Church approved of this, for the massacred Saxons were not Christian, and the Catholic Church had been earlier bribed. This was not a great thing from Charlemagne, in the Saxons eyes, for it was an unnecessary and costly move to massacre them.In summary, Charlemagne did deserve the title great, for he revived (to an extent) learning, standardization and law. He had also conquered many different lands for the Frankish empire. To many people, Ch arlemagne was a bad ruler, but fifty-fifty though he had been cruel and harsh, his good achievements overshadow his cruel times. Therefore, Charlemagne deserved the title great.BibliographyMcGrath, F. (n.d.). The Longevity of The Saxon Wars Adobe PDF. RetrievedNovember 18, 2008, from http//www.leeds.ac.uk/history/studentlife/e-journal/McGrath.pdfReference Source Armesto, F. F. (Ed.). (n.d.). Illustrated History of Europe. Times Books.great. (n.d.). Dictionary.com unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved November 17, 2008, from Dictionary.com website http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/greatFearns, J. (2008, November 17). Year 8 History. Lecture presented at ChineseInternational School, 2406.Economic and Legal Reforms. (2008, November 2). Carolingian Renaissance.Retrieved November 17, 2008, from Wikipedia Websitehttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_RenaissanceMacMullen, R. (1997). Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to EighthCenturies. Yale University Press. (Original work make 1997)

Open University

Democratising high facts of life the ignou initiatives Dr. Nayantara Padhi Assistant Professor, Centre for Corporate Education, pedagogy & Consultancy, IGNOU, New Delhi Emailemailprotected acin get-go with dickens melts and 4,000 students in 1985, IGNOU has reached the ladder of success beingness the grounds prodigiousst mega university, most diverse and inclusive institution offering each over 3500 credit lines and allow foring to over 2. 5 million students.IGNOU is committed to be doorible to all by ensuring prentice convenience finished its unique age no bar, place no bar and pace no bar approach. This approach of IGNOU waterfall in line with the bearings of democratizing higher education as the current initiatives of IGNOU indicate. During last few age IGNOU has been experimenting various advance(a) ideas and methods for meeting the above menti one and only(a)d objectives and ultimately to cater to the diverse consumes of passel. This has resulted into succe ssful launching of number of programmes, courses, medium and modules.To name a few, residential area College establishment, programmes for physically challenged, providing second vocation opportunity to Indian ground forces Gyan Deep, Convergence of aloofness education and higher education, starting of face to face programmes, use of 3G engineer for imparting education , Flexi training mode, satellite establish communication and so forth In this paper an attempt has been made to present an overview of the above mentioned innovations that has been carried out by IGNOU in position to align with the mission of democratising higher education. Also the current status of these innovations and the related to issues are highlighted.DEMOCRATISING HIGHER EDUCATION THE IGNOU INITIATIVES Vision expressment of IGNOU Indira Gandhi field hold University, the depicted object Resource Centre for Open and Distance takeing with international recognition and presence, shall tin seamless entranceway to sustainable and learner-centric quality education, dexterity upgradation and prep to all by using innovative technologies and methodologies and ensuring convergence of alert systems for massive human resource required for promoting integrated national organic evolution and global discernment. IntroductionThe Indira Gandhi National Open University was established by an Act of Parliament in 1985. Today the University is making all efforts to take higher education to the doorsteps of the hitherto unreached. The University imparts education and cognition by means of various flexible means suited to the open and duration education mode, including Information and Communication Technologies, in rig to satiate the batch of democratizing higher education, it pictures higher education and instruction to large sections of population, particularly the disadvantaged segments of the confederation.It promotes national integration and the integrated development of human personality encourages, co-ordinates and assists open universities and distance skill systems across the country to improve standards in much(prenominal) systems. Learners from varied groups including rural and tribal areas, physically-challenged, jail inmates and rehabilitation houses, government and non-government sectors, parents and home-makers, the employers and the employed bring in been beneficiaries of the IGNOU programme.The University has disgorge special(a) focus on women, kindly and economically disadvantaged groups, the north-east region, and other tribal and low literacy areas of the country. The University provides a multi-mode learning system comprising print, audio, video, inter promulgate, television, teleconferencing, active radio counseling, Internet-based learning and face-to-face counseling. IGNOU recently has besides been gather upd in the National Skills complaint particularly in generating employment in line with the various dodgings of the fundamental Government and State Government.The aim is to provide flexible k todayledge and skill opportunities for the unemployed youth of India so as to meaningfully equip them with skills and opportunities. This approach of IGNOU falls in line with the objectives of democratizing higher education as the current initiatives of IGNOU indicate. During last few socio-economic classs IGNOU has been experimenting various innovative ideas and methods for meeting the above mentioned objectives and ultimately to cater to the diverse contends of people.This has resulted into successful launching of number of programmes, courses, medium and modules. To name a few, residential area College establishment, growth, programmes for physically challenged, providing second career opportunity to Indian Army Gyan Deep, Convergence of distance education and higher education, starting of face to face programmes, use of 3G engine room for imparting education , Flexilearning mode, satellite based com munication etc. All these noble initiatives of IGNOU are presented in the following paragraphs. A. Em functionment of Indian Soldiers- Gyan DeepGyan Deep is a bold initiative of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) to educationally gift the soldiers of the Indian army by granting of grad- a step aimed at providing the jawans with a second career survival of the becometest. Gyan Deep aims to equip the soldiers who join the force just aft(prenominal) school. Nearly 50,000 Indian soldiers retire from the army every year after completion of 15 years in service. They constitute a young men but they lack any kind of professional skill to enter the job market after retiring from army.The soldiers would be receiving certification in knowledge and skills within the educational frame hit stipulated by IGNOU. With the imparting of formal degrees, the soldiers would be in a position to obtain a second career option and earn for themselves and their families reasonably well even after retirement. The certification and enhancement of educational qualifications would be within the broad framework of union colleges, as do by IGNOU. Community colleges recognised by IGNOU willing empower the already excellent training ystem within the Indian army and provide an opportunity for in service trainings to be benchmarked and assign issued for the Indian-Army soldiers to obtain a formal degree. In due course of time this innovative process will allow for askance entry into the regular university system by allowing the candidates enrolled in Certificate, sheepskin or cogitate Degree courses to accumulate credits. Associate Degree of Community Colleges involves Minimum 2 years/4 semesters of study Total of 64 credits 1st Semester Basic Foundation Course (16credits) compulsory subject Basic Military Training Certificate course. nd Semester Applied Course in the chosen Programme Sector (16 credits)- compulsory subject Advanced Military Training Diploma (mini mum one year). 3rd Semester Army Class 2 Standards (16 credits) Application orient courses (8 credits) and elective courses (8 credits). 4th Semester Army Class I standards (16 credits) Elective courses, compulsory internship and throw work (16 credits). Degrees offered by IGNOU 64 credits obtained on successful completion of Associate Degree will become transferable towards the completion of 96 credits in total in guild to obtain a degree. The 3rd year of 32 credits will be earned with IGNOU. Subsequent accumulation of credits and a third year of graduation with IGNOU can be taken within flipper years of completion of the Associate Degree. Degrees awarded may be BA, BCom, BSc. , BBA etc. , with set forthing specilisations. Towards achieving these goals, IGNOU will facilitate the adaptation of various Regimental Training Centers and Army Schools of Instruction/HRDCs of Indian Army as Community Colleges. If need be, IGNOU would also introduce new subjects in the curriculum .Upon completion of 96 credits, the degree awarded would be similar to the ones awarded to other students. B. Education for All Community Colleges Community Colleges are an innovative but alternative system of education aiming to empower the individuals through capture skill development leading to gainful employment in collaboration with the topical anesthetic industriousness. Community Colleges aim at developing skills for self-employability of the marginalized and under-privileged sections of the society including urban-poor, rural poor and women.The methodology employed under the scheme of lodge colleges is the imparting of skill based training to the uneducated youth. Community Colleges generally have a two year curriculum leading to an Associate Degree by transferring to an undergraduate college or direct entry into an occupation or trade. Starting in July 2009, IGNOU commenced the scheme of Associate Degree Programmes through participation colleges in various parts of Indi a. The stem of community college embodies in itself the democratic goal of imparting livelihood based education to the disadvantaged section of the population.Another major contribution of community colleges has been to expand access to post secondary studies for millions of students who would otherwise not have an opportunity to participate. Establishing one community college in each of the 600 districts in the country in the next five years as IGNOU Community College is one of the approaches of IGNOU in this direction. These colleges in unalike regions will be under the administration and pedantic control of the regional centres of IGNOU.Community Colleges will ensure vertical mobility for those who opt at a later stage for further education in the respective areas through credit transfer in the open university and distance education system in the country. Through IGNOU Community Colleges, the effort is to institutionalize the mechanism of providing skill based programmes in In dia till now undertaken by non-governmental organizations and training centres. The training in skills provided in these colleges will be recognized and formalized through various certifications. Functioning of Community Colleges . Eligibility for becoming community college An institution restraining to IGNOU for registration as a Community College should be run by an educational agency/registered society/trust or corporate torso rooted in community-based activites. Theymust be credible institutions with a minimum period of five years of proven service and be located in the community it seeks to suffice. On receiving the application, IGNOU will scrutinize its feasibility based on the recommendations of an expert committee and the applicant will be informed of its eligibility.Prior to launching programmes, the agency should have done a need analysis of the local job requirements and opportunities and incorporate these findings into the curriculum. It should have active linkages wi th rural, agricultural,industrial and commercial organizations of the locality for empanelling part-time instructors, providing on job training to students and provide job placement to successful students. ii. Organisational Structure of Community CollegeThe college will constitute the following bodies to facilitate smooth functioning of its academician and administrative activities Community College get a gigantic with will be the Executive body of the college. The Board will manage the academic matters of the college relating to appointment of faculty, approval of programmes leading to award of Certificate/Diploma/Associate Degree, and regulate the finances of the college. Academic Committee will be the principal Academic body of the college responsible for the maintenance of standards of instruction, examination and linkages with the industry/community.The academic committee will Make regulations regarding admission of studentsRecommend to the Community College Board proposals for institution of new programmes of studyAdvise the Community College Board on suggestions pertaining to academic affairs made by itPrepare syllabi for various programmes and Coordinate the industry/community linkages. Examination Committee will be responsible for the smooth act of internal assessments, mid-term examination and term-end examinations.It will be the custodian of processes related to evaluation such as question paper setting, answer script evaluation, moderation, timely resolution of results and handling of examination related grievances. Programme Structure Associate Degree Programmes are offered both full-time or part-time. Mode of spoken communication face-to-face and blend Mandatory apprenticeship. First year Foundation courses 16 credits per semester. Application oriented courses 16 credits per semester. Second year-Electives of 8 credits Application oriented-8 credits, Internship and honk work-16 credits.Programmes under Community Collges The following academic programmes leading to an Associate Degree may be considered AA (Associate Arts) AS(Associate Science) ACS (Associate of Computer Science) AC(Associate of Commerce) ABA (Associate of Business Administration) AAT (Associate of Arts in Teaching) Academic cloth of Community Colleges Since Associate Degree is a new academic qualification in India, it is essential to have a common set of descriptors for the programme which allege entry requirements, curriculum national, instructor qualifications and training and exit avenues. Entry Requirements Students who have completed School last are eligible for direct entry into the Associate Degree Programme. Alternatively students who have completed 10th standard may enroll in the Bachelors Preparatory Progrmmes and on completion of get-go year may transfer into the Associate Degree Programme. Non 10+2 (Eighteen years age) will have to complete BPP and Associate Degree Programme from Community college for lateral entry to t hird year of the Degree Programmme. Curriculum Design The curriculum of the Associate Degree Programme should include a substantial join of generic skills with a major portion to be completed in the first year. First Year Courses (all foundation courses, 16 credits), Second Year (application oriented courses, 16 credits) and some of the basic electives in the respective subject of study worth of 32 credits to be completed in the first two years of Associate Degree Programme of the community college. The equivalence of the courses will be recommended by the Committee appointed. A number of existing courses of IGNOU may be appropriately combined for an Associate Degree. Challenges of Community Colleges Academic pathways- transfer of students to third year in IGNOU and other universities. Quality assurance recruitment of faculty, standards in industry based curriculum development. Avenues for technical and vocational teacher and trainer-training. Business/industry linkages incl uding training contracts. Programmes to be rooted in communities regional and local needs. C. Flexi Learn approach shot to Quality Higher Education e-GyanKosh (www. egyankosh. ac. in), a repository of learning resources, is an initiative that was taken up by IGNOU in October, 2005 to store, index, preserve, distribute and share the digital learning resources developed by the IGNOU.Emerging as one of the worlds largest educational resource repositories, it includes digitized and uploaded storage of over 95% of the IGNOUs self-instructional print solid. With answer of special channels like YouTube, IGNOU is providing with video programmes, through the metadata link in the repository. At present close to 40,000 self-instructional print materials and over a 1,600 videos are available in the repository. After its public launch in June 9, 2008, the site already had received around 700,000 hits with an average of 1,000 visits per day from all over the world.At present, there are to a greater bound than 60,000 active registered users of the repository. The facilities of e-GyanKosh are now being extended with a Flexi Learn platform to offer open courses free of court with course wise registration and assessment. IGNOUs Flexi Learn platform will facilitate informed learning wherein anyone can register and explore courses free of cost to gain knowledge and skill in a particular area of interest. Certification for courses will be based on payment of the requisite fees. The Flexi Learn platform will provide an alternative way of awarding degrees and diplomas.The Flexi Learn platform offers courses in a complete open and flexible milieu with following features. Any visitor to the Flexi Learn site has the option to register for any particular course or a full length academic programme. A modular approach is followed wherein a registered learner can combine course credits to obtain a diploma or degree of their own choice. The platform provides self learning environ ment with a list of Academic Advisors/Course Guides to act as mentors. The Personal Learning Environment (PLE) will have interactive tools like Discussion Board , Blogs, Wikis, Podcasting,RSS feeds, etc. Each course has option for both online assessment as well as an offline one as per the choice of the learner wherein a learner can take their exams on demand. The final exam will be in a proctored environment. The evaluation will be at third levels diagnostic (where prior knowledge testing is required), formative and summative and will be designed by the faculty based courses requirements. assorted of evaluation may be adopted viz. objective, short essay type, term paper, course projects, practical activities etc. A complete tracking mechanism is integrated in the platform through the e-portfolios of individual learners. The e-portfolio will keep a formal record of all formal and informal studies carried out by the registered learner. Certification of the course will be based on stipulated time spent on a course (for a 4 credit a minimum at 45 days) and completion of all learning activities identified by the faculty. The Flexi Learn platform provides an opportunity for prospective learners to sample a course before enrolling and also help them in choosing courses and programmes of study.Course wise registration facilitates offering topic specific continuing education progammes especially in skill based and professional areas. A flexible framework is provided through this model for Schools of Studies to identify and combine different courses already available, for offering new tailor-made and need based programmes. In the long run this will help in achieving IGNOUs objective of democratizing higher education by taking it to the doorsteps of the learners and providing access to high quality education to all those who seek it.D. Convergence Scheme Merger of ODL and Conventional Higher Education system of rules The objective of the Scheme is to achieve the tar gets setout in the Eleventh Plan history for Higher Education, and focusing on access and equity issues. Inclusion as a concept goes beyond just providing distance learning access. It takes into account the need to interface with the conventional system, use innovative technologies and to optimize the access to physical facilities, intellectual and knowledge resources in institutions to achieve its goals.The Scheme, jointly conceived by University Grants Commission (UGC) and Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), Distance Education Council and AICTE under the guidance of the Ministry of Human Resources Development, aims to focus on enhancing the quality and quantity of education delivery in the context of social dimensions of the country, with a thrust on capacity building and strengthening of the conventional university and collegiate education system. The success of the Scheme, announced in 2007, is not surprising. Many of the existing IGNOU courses have also found new t akers with the announcement of the Scheme.Given a target of achieving 15% gross enrollment in higher education by 2015, the scheme aims to move it from the current enrollment ratio of 11% in the 16-23 age group. Under this Scheme, a student can be enrolled for obtaining a regular degree while pursuing another complementary course. Thus, a student can aim to get two degrees at the same time. Another programme, called Bachelors Preparatory Programme (BPP) enables the students who have not been able to get Pre-University/Senior Secondary education to become eligible for applying for bachelors degree courses.This is a boon to those who were not able to complete their schooling or pre-university courses. This is a sextette-month intensive training programme. While IGNOU has over 2500 Learner Support Centres by different names depending on the specific role they play such as Regular break down Centres, Programme Study Centres, Special Study Centres, Recognised Study Centres etc. , the S cheme on Convergence has helped in developing synergies with well endowed colleges. This has resulted in qualified faculty and state of art infrastructure being made available to students, in addition to providing additional mentoring on a flexi time basis.In short, technology in Education, when applied creatively enhances the potential to address both access and inclusion issues, especially in India. E. 3G and Mobile Technology usage for Reaching the Unreached The significance of mobile technology is evident from the fact that increase number of people have started using mobile devices, carrying mobiles with them all the time. Hence, any service provided to the students through mobile devices enables quick connectivity as compared to any other technology such as PC based internet technologies.IGNOU launched the SMS Alerts service on November 18th 2008. Since then, SMS Alerts Service is being used by various constituents of IGNOU including its Regional Centres to communicate informa tion to its students. Following are some of the applications of 3G technology to ODL system ODL institutions can develop high bandwidth applications that can be used by prospective students to apply for admission using their 3G enabled mobile devices. ODL institutions can develop 3G enabled student response systems.These response systems can respond in real time with information such as Study Centre allotment etc. Such 3G enabled student response systems can aid in providing responses to queries of students in real time. Most of ODL institutions manoeuvre course material to their students by post as well as host material on the web for students to download. It is difficult for students to download course material which occupies large memory due to poor Internet connections. 3G technology enables faster downloads of course material to the students mobile devices.They can download course material wherever they are, anytime. This ensures that the course material is available to e very learner who is having a 3G enabled mobile device. F. Education through Digitally Enabled learning The National armorial bearing of Education through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) was launched recently with the broad objective of ensuring connectivity of the learners to the World of Knowledge in cyberspace and to make them Netizens in order to enhance their self-learning skills and develop their capabilities for on-line problems solving.The efforts of Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) would be geared towards creating an open house for knowledge. The attempt is to harness a large number of knowledge resources in the manner that adds value to them by making them more personalized and useful to the lifelong learner/student. The effort would also involve satiate packaging and integration to suit specific needs of the students at various levels or with different kinds of talent/mental prowess. A budget allocation of Rs. 02 crores has been made in 2008-0 9 for the National guardianship on Education through ICT. For bridging the digital divide and empowering teachers/learners to harness information and communication technologies for their empowerment through knowledge, the need of the hour is to provide digital literacy to teaching learning community in Higher Education. The aim has to be to ensure that this community should be able to fly the coop the computer or other devices and connect to the knowledge network.It should be for the teacher/learner to identify the content from its suitable pictorial representation and to play the audio-visual content to derive knowledge from the relevant module of knowledge. Obviously, this digital literacy cannot be spread through the computer networks since it aims to empower the teacher/learner to use the network. Hence, digital literacy for teacher empowerment will have to be imparted through other means relying heavily on audio-visual material, non-governmental organizations, change agents and institutions established for them, and mass contact programmes.Provision of e-Books and e-Journals Free to the Learners general education has two parts, formal and informal. some(prenominal) forms of education require text books, reading material, journals and magazines and access to them can be provided through digital libraries which would substitute super brick-and-mortar libraries. Since everything in the library would be available on line with concurrent access to multiple sites for a large number of students, good bandwidth around the year would be the key.Support for Generation of e-Content and Digitization and Indexing of Existing e-Content It shall be the endeavour of the Mission to constantly work for enriching the repository of e-contents of the nation. For the purpose it shall encourage the academicians, scholars and institutions to contribute to the world of knowledge in cyber space by creating e-knowledge content. The Mission shall also arise a mechanism to ra te the quality of the e-content generated before admitting it to the national repository. Evaluation of e-ContentBenchmarking learning content would ensure quality which is central to the philosophy of the Mission. As content generation shall take place at various places, by different sets of experts, the development of quality assurance procedures and testing mechanisms is essential. These tools shall be deployed on the Mission website so that anybody developing content can routinely use these to get proper feedback. The Mission shall also attempt to provide guidance to them in order to facilitate their search for quality material.Finance Assistance to Institutions of Higher Learning for Procurement of Hardware/ shift of Obsolete Hardware In order to accomplish its major objective of utilizing latest technologies to make higher education easily accessible, the Mission shall provide pecuniary assistance to all the institutions of higher learning for the procurement of hardware or r eplacement of the obsolete hardware essential for accessing to the world of knowledge in cyber space. National Testing ServiceThe Mission shall provide financial and technical support to a designated Government agency for establishment of a National Testing Service (NTS). The Mission shall be free to move for the establishment of a separate body to act as a National Testing Service in order to fulfill its objective of certifying the competence and skills acquired by the individual through formal or non-formal means of education and / or training in different disciplines/professions.This shall help them in gaining employment as also to continue their higher studies/training. Content Generation The National Programme of Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) was started by the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. A good number of quality material on various courses has been created by these premier institutions of the country. E-Contents are be ing continuously generated by the reputed faculty members of the premier institutions under NPTEL programmes.This programmes has been subsumed with the Mission to give it a new dimension. The Mission hopes that the e-contents generated under this programme shall be of great use for the technology students enrolled in engineering colleges across the country. Standardisation and Quality Assurance of Contents & Certification /Automation of Certification The main objective here would be to evolve Quality Assurance (QA) Process for E-learning Content and to create an environment for Quality Audit of Content.The mission seeks to promote R&D in specific authorised areas of content creation and management for enriching the QA process and also promote multi-institutional involvement for definition of quality and dissemination of Quality awareness. Developing Suitable Pedagogical Methods for Various Classes and Intellectual Calibers and Research in e-learning Web enabled learning modules s uffer from the absence of teacher and peer interaction/pressure. Many a times, the content developers develop the modules guardianship in mind their own clientele of students or their own impressions of the students caliber, receptivity, etc.This may result in a one shoe fit all syndrome. It is well known that any given class would have very bright students, mediocre students and weak students. Even among them, the grasping power of concepts would vary based on their surroundings and the perceptions that the students have derived over a period of time. The most efficient pedagogical method would also depend on the extent of knowledge that the students has in that area. Development of Language Converter Tool KitThe focus of the National Mission on Education through ICT would be on content for all classes starting from nursery level to research level. Presently, the content being developed for Sakshat under this Mission is in English. English content also makes it thinkable to tap i nto the convenient, open access educational resources available on the Internet, be they in text, audio, visual, simulation, animation, question answer or in any other form. This massive resource, however, cannot be tapped in regional languages because of IPR restrictions.Hence, efforts will be made to convert knowledge modules into various regional languages and also to subsequently launch a private road for creating the above types of content in the regional languages. Development and Realization of Virtual Reality Laboratories and Supporting Facilities for e-learning The Mission shall work for providing all the institutions of higher learning, in the country, with access devices and connectivity through high speed broadband and VPN etc. It is estimated that approximately 20,000 institutions of higher learning shall reap this benefit.It shall be the endeavour of the Mission to ensure that the access devices are available with maximum number of learners in the country to enable t hem to become Netizens. To achieve this objective it shall support development of low cost and low power consuming devices through their field trials. The Central Government would also bear 75% of the cost of the connectivity having bandwidth up to 10-25 Mbps per college or per department of a University if remaining cost is borne by State Government or college/institution concerned.Development of Certification & Testing Modules for Virtual Technological Universities & Creation of VTU, Multi Media Research and International Programmes The proposed Virtual Technical University (VTU) shall serve as a nodal agency for imparting training to undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as to the newly recruited teachers in the fields of Science, Technology, Management, Architecture, Pharmacy and other applied areas. The University will provide flexible, credit based courses to all registered participants using modern technology. VTU will help them in updating their knowledge and advan cing their career objectives.G. Inclusive Growth for the Disadvantaged Group IGNOU with its diverse, low-cost programmes and a wide network has succeeded in attracting a significant group of learners from amongst the disadvantaged. However, a considerable crosswise of people still remains outside its reach. The University is mandated to reach them. The University has taken up a number of new initiatives chiefly focused on empowering women, persons of the SC/ST form and the differently abled population of the country. Womens Empowerment The University has been making conscious efforts to reach out to women, especially those from the strange and rural areas.Some of the initiatives in this direction are a) vista up the School of Gender and Development Studies in 2007 One focus are of study of this School is Womens Studies, which analyses the status of women in society with the objective of strengthening individual and institutional efforts that enable womens empowerment. The Schoo l is offering the following pertinent programmers Certificate in Empowering Women Through Self-Help Groups (under Womens Empowerment Project sponsored by Department of Women and Child Development, MHRD, GOI). Certificate in Womens Empowerment and Development (CWED). Diploma in Womens Empowerment and Development (DWED) Ph. D in Womens Studies. b) Establishing 26 women-specific study centres across the country. c) Setting up a Committee for Prevention of inner Harassment against Women (CPSHW). This committee oversees all work related to complaints of sexual harassment at IGNOU, besides carrying out awareness-raising workshops, seminars and other related activities.During the year 2008-09, the CPSHW prepared a document on the Policy & Procedures for the Prevention, Prohibition, and Punishment of Sexual Harassment of Women at the Workplace, as per the Supreme Court guidelines. The document has been submitted to the University authorities for adoption in the form of an ordinance. SC/ ST Empowerment The University has made extensive efforts regarding the empowerment of persons in the SC and ST categories. Some of the measures taken in this direction are SC/ST Cell this cell looks after all issues pertaining to the grievances of SC/ST employees. Increased introduction to ST Population IGNOU has tried to increase its reach to the tribal population of Madhya Pradesh through a new scheme of mobile study centres, which has been found to be successful. EEBB Centres To provide access to people in the Economically and Educationally Backward Blocks (EEBB), identified by the Sachar Committee, efforts have been initiated to establish Special Centres in these blocks, irrespective of whether such centres fulfill the conditions normally expected of IGNOU study centres.Through these centres, aspiring learners of these blocks are given opportunities to pursue a variety of vocational programmes, besides BPP and bachelor degree programmes. EDNERU Initiative for northern East Trbal population education and research. Empowerment of the Differently Abled A national Task Force has been constituted to make the IGNOU premises and its programes completely accessible to people with disabilities across the country. The access audit of the IGNOU campus at the headquarters was conducted on 22-23 October, 2008.In order to develop human resources in various areas related to disability for creating a disabled-friendly society as also promoting interdisciplinary study of disability with the purpose of removing barriers to empowerment of the persons with disabilities, the National Centre for Disability Studies (NCDS) was established in 2006. NCDS has launched a Post-graduate Diploma in Disability Management for Medical Practitioners, in collaboration with the Rehabilitation Council of India. The Pprogramme equips the medical practitioners with the skills and knowledge to effectively deal with persons with disabilities.H. Usage of Satellite The University endeavors cons tantly to make appropriate use of new technological solutions to achieve its mission of seamless education, cost-efficiency and borderless access to quality education. The University has enhance, in the recent past, its technological capabilities in the production and transmission of audio and video programmes through radio and television as well as the latest Web-enabled online services offered through the internet to learners spread across the globe.Gyan Darshan Gyan Darshan (GD) is a digital bouquet of four channels GD-1, GD-2, GD-3, and GD-4. These channels beam programmes produced by IGNOU, UGC, NCERT, CIET, NITTTRs, IITs, DST and different ministries of the government of India. The transmission of GD channels is almost completely automated through the installation of the video server, GD-1 is a 24-hour channel which airs enrichment programmes produced by various government and educational organizations, and IGNOU curriculum-based programmes.GD-2 is the Interactive Distance Ed ucation Channel, dedicated entirely to distance education. Regular teleconference sessions and generality meetings are held through this channel for learners and trainees of the open university system and other apex bodies. During the year 2008-09,Gyan Darsha-1 and 2 have witnessed a horrible growth in reach, since both channels were placed on the following DTH platforms DD Direct Plus, Dish TV, TataSky, Sun TV, Big TV and AirTel. It was also available in the IPTV network for which an MOU with M/s Goldstone was signed.Further, GD-1has been declared a must carry channel for all IPTV service providers and has been made available in many cities through the BSNL network. GD-1 and GD-2 are also being webcast through IGNOUs website . Test transmission of the Science Channel on GD-2 started, with effect from 23rd December, 2008 to allot programmes made by IGNOU,CEC, Vigyan Parsar, etc. Gd-3, Eklavya, was inaugurated on 26th Jan. 2003. It is a 24-hour channel dedicated to technical educ ation and runs programmes generated at variousIITs, for students pursuing degrees n different disciplines in the area of engineering and technology. The signals are sent through microwave links, from where they are uplinked to the satellite. The nodal offer for this is at IIT, Delhi. GD-4, Vyas Channel, launched in Jan. 2004, is a 24-hour channel catering to the needs of students pursuing higher education under the university and college system in the country. The programmes are coordinated by the Consortium of Education Communication (CEC).The Vyas Channel has now become available on the DTH platform as well. Gyan Vani Gyan Vani, a radio cooperative funded by the MHRD, is the only FM Radio channel in the country devoted exclusively to education. Gyan Vani programmes include information relevant to students of pre-primary to post-graduate classes, it also carriers enrichment programmes for generating environmental awareness, awareness on female empowerment, legal literacy, capabilit ies in professional and science education. Each Gyan Vani has a range of about 60 kms.At present there are 26 GyanVani FM Stations functioning across the country at Allahabad, Ahmedabad, Aurangabad, Bangalore, Bhopal, Chennai, Coimbatore, New Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Jabalpur, Jaipur, Kolkatta, Kanpur, Lucknow, Mumbai, Mysore, Nagpur, Patna, Panaji, Raipur, Rajkot, Shillong, Varanasi and Viskhapatnam. Eleven new station are on the anvil. Gyan Vani has made significant strides in recent years with all the 26 stations producing programmes. The radio programmes are contributed by NCERT, NIOS, IGNOU, NGOs and various State Government Departments.Gyan Vani has created a Programme Exchange Unit and all the radio stations have access to the best productions of each station. Developmental and educational programmes from broadcasting organizations of countries such as Australia, Canada and Germany are also being aired on Gyan Vani stations. Gyan Vani, Delhi, is also webcast using IGNOUs in-house facility. Interactive Radio Counseling (IRC) IGNOU runs at to the lowest degree one hour of live phone-in counseling programmes every week in the regional languages through the various Gyan Vani stations.The studio invites experts to clarify learners queries put across to them for their homes via the telephone. Both broadcast and non-broadcast modes of delivery were adopted by the University and the audio/video programmes produced at the Universitys Electronic Media PrdocutionCentre (EMPC) were broadcast/telecast over Gyan Darshan, Gyan Vani, EduSat, AIR/Doordarshan Channels. In order to infuse interactivity in open and distance learning, one-way video and two way audio teleconferencing facilities are offered through GD-2.Important nation-wide programmes for IGNOU learners, lectures by eminent experts/dignitaries, discussions with RC staff, induction for new learners and convocation for graduating learners were conducted live through teleconferencing mode. Besides t his, telecounselling and communication sessions were conducted for select application- oriented programmes such as nursing, information technology, MBA etc, in which the students got ample opportunities to interact with the faculty.The teleconferencing facility was also used by other institutions, such as the DAV College Management Committee (DAVCMC), National Board of Examination (NBE), Institute of contract Accountants of India (ICAI), and the Department of Power, amongst others. EDUSAT is the first Indian satellite designed and developed by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) exclusively for serving the educational sector. It is mainly intended to meet the demand for an interactive satellite-based distance education system for the country.It is a collaborative project of the MHRD, ISRO, Department of Space and IGNOU. The satellite has six Ku-Band transponders and six Ext. C-Band transponders. One beam or Ext. C-Band covers the entire country, including the Andaman and Nico bar Islands. It reflects Indias commitment to use space technology for national development, especially for development of human resources in remote and rural locations. The University has established 134 interactive terminals across the country with a two-way interactive facility. An EduSat Mini Hub has been shifted from ISRO, Ahmedabad, to EMPC.ISRO has also provided a new Learning Management System (LMS) for the network. A recent study was conducted by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, New Delhi, aimed at assessing the impact, effectiveness and sustainability of interactive media technologies being utilized in the delivery system of IGNOU. The study included Gyan Vani, Edust-based teleconferencing, the IGNOU slot on the national channel, Doordarshan, the web platform and internet facilities. The broad findings of the study as stated in the final report submitted, are as underIGNOU Hour on Gyan Vani Forty percent of students pick up to the IGNOU Hour programmes br oadcast on Gyan Vani. Fourteen percent students listen to the IGNOU Hour programmes on a regular basis. Forty one percent students tune in sometimes and the rest do not listen to programmes broadcast on Gyan Vani . IGNOU Programmes on Doordarshan Forty septet percent of students watch IGNOU Programmes telecast on Doordarshan channel 1. Ninety three percent students who watch IGNOU programmes on Doordarshans main channel are comfortable with the language of telecast.Sixty percent students who watch the IGNOU slot on Doordarshan rated the content quality of programmes telecast as good. More than seven out of ten students said the programmes telecast on the IGNOU slot on Doordarshan are useful in the learning process. Sixty percent students who watch programmes telecast on Doordarshan felt it helped them in understanding their progrmme topics better. The awareness of students about IGNOU programmes on Doordarshan DTH is quite high as more than seven out of ten students were aware abou t it. Fourteen percent students of IGNOU were found to have Doordarshan DTH in their homes.Conclusion As India strives to become a knowledge society, IGNOU ensures that no section gets left behind, thats where attaining the objective of democratizing higher education. From the above discussion, it is worth mentioning that IGNOUs contribution in democratising higher education is commendable. The innovations of IGNOU to impart education anybody, anywhere anytime using all channels is circumpolar from the initiatives and the current status. With the growing demand of skilled workforce across the globe, IGNOU is taking all steps towards this.Right to Education is very much evident from the above mentioned initiatives. To cogitate IGNOU s initiatives in democratising higher education ,a dynamic and innovative university with a passion to educate all and reaching the unreached, IGNOU has become the Peoples Universitythe university of a billion plus. References Annual Report 2008-2009, I GNOU. IGNOU, Celebrating 25th Year of Success in Open & Distance Learning 2009-2010, Vol. 1, Issue1. IGNOU, Education Without Barriers. IGNOU, Profile 2010. IGNOU, IGNOU Community Colleges. IGNOU, Flexi Learn. IGNOU, Gyan Deep. IGNOU, Open Letter. www. ignou. ac. in

Buddhist Religious Traditions: Sacred Elements and Meanings

Buddhism, as a religion, has a set of beliefs and practices. Although there are many doctrinal divisions, as well known as Buddhist schools, there are several concepts common to them. These sacred elements characterize Buddhist religious traditions as a whole Gautama Buddha every(prenominal) Buddhist schools accept the Buddha as their teacher and founder of Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama is gener all(prenominal)y recognized as the Supreme Buddha and his teachings are considered sacred.Middle Way, Dependent Origination, Four Noble Truths, and Noble multiple Path These are practices common to all Buddhist schools. The Middle Way (also Middle Path) is their practice of non-extremism which means moderation away from extremes of sensual indulgence and repentance and toward the practice of wisdom, morality and mental cultivation. The doctrine of Dependent Origination (also Dependent Arising) states that phenomena arise together as part of a gigantic web of arrange and effect.The most f undamental teachings in Buddhism are the Four Noble Truths. These are The Nature of Suffering (Dukkha), Sufferings Origin (Samudaya), Sufferings design (Nirodha), and The Way Leading to the Cessation of Suffering (Marga). The noble eightfold path is the way to cessation of suffering and achievement of self-awakening. Nirvana Buddhist religious traditions all point their life to buddhahood, which is considered to be the highest attainment as a Buddhist.Nirvana, which literally means to cease blowing, is used by Buddhists, particularly Theravadins, to describe the enlightenment and sac of Gautama Buddha. References An Introduction to Buddhism. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http//webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/buddhaintro. html Essentials of Buddhism Core Concepts. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http//www. buddhaweb. org/ The Religion of Buddhism. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http//www. religioustolerance. org/buddhism. htm

An Examination of General and Specific Motivational Mechanisms Essay

Luc G. Pelletier and Stphanie C. Dions report entitled An Examination of General and Specific Motivational Mechanisms for the Relations Between Body Dissatisfaction and alimentation Behaviors physical objects to examine the human relationship of soundbox dissatisfaction with take in behaviors through a study of the different models of ruler of go through behaviors used by women.The study master(prenominal)ly uses the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a framework for examination of socio-cultural pressures and the thin-ideal as factors for personate dissatisfaction and, in turn, body dissatisfaction as a cause of eating-related problems like binge eating, dietary restraint, and bulimia. Lastly, the study overly looks at two different levels of motivation to explain the differences in the responses of women to socio-cultural pressures regarding body propose, which lead to a difference in eating patterns. These two be the universal self-government or a sense of self-dete rmination toward ones life and self-determination towards eating.Negative body image and its causes and sets arrive been the subject of many studies during the outgoing decade. Due to its popularity as a topic for research, many of its findings are well-known and accepted by society at present. Among these are the role of media, peers, family, puberty and others in reinforcing the thin ideal, the relationship of womens perceived discrepancies between their body ideal and body image with their satisfaction with their own body and the effect of negative body images to womens eating habits.However, a review of the existing literature about body image reveals many interesting and sometimes unexpected findings. The first among these is the main basis of this study, which is self-determination. Deci and Ryans Self-Determination Theory shows that the level of womens usual self-determination in life whitethorn serve as a screen out against the effect of the pressure exerted by society for women to be thin. This is interesting because this will show how body-image can be approached as a cyclical issue when coupled with the findings on how positive body image can lead to confidence then to a positive self-determination.Second, body image whitethorn have an effect on many positive qualities such as attractiveness, success and intelligence. This shows attractiveness as more than than than just a fixed variable. It is not merely affected by the physical attributes one is born with, but also by how one feels about these physical attributes. Moreover, it emphasizes the gravity of the consequences that either a positive or negative body image may cause. Its affects can extend onto many non-physical aspects of a persons life. In fact, another research shows that pressures from society to be thin can change individual core beliefs as regards the importance of physical appearance compared with other values.Another interesting finding is that body dissatisfaction may be a ddressed by either self-reinforcement or by aiming to change ones appearance. People are more familiar with the second approach, which includes employment and dieting. However, it is interesting to find that grooming and other forms of self-reinforcement are also used. While these forms of self-reinforcement may have been admitted to be used by people to enhance their self-image, it is not easily identifiable to have a direct correlation to body image. Moreover, this type approach shows a more positive and less destructive guidance of addressing issues on body image. Seven hypotheses were tested in the research. They are stated in the article as follows. First, general self-determination will be negatively associated with both socio-cultural pressures about body image and the endorsement of societys beliefs about thinness and obesity. Second, socio-cultural pressures should be positively linked to the endorsement of societys beliefs, which, in turn, will positively predict body di ssatisfaction. Third, although body dissatisfaction is expected to positively predict both an self-governing and a controlled form of regulation of eating behaviors, it should lead mainly to a controlled regulation of eating.Fourth, the autonomous form of regulation of eating will be positively associated with healthy eating behaviors, whereas the controlled form of regulation will be positively associated with impaired eating behaviors. Fifth, general self-determination should be positively associated with the autonomous form of regulation and negatively associated with the controlled form of regulation. Sixth, the autonomous regulation of eating behaviors will be positively associated with healthy eating behaviors and negatively associated with bulimic symptoms, whereas the controlled regulation of eating behaviors will be positively associated with dysfunctional eating and negatively associated with healthy eating behaviors.Finally, healthy eating behaviors should positively p redict psychological adjustment, whereas dysfunctional eating should negatively predict psychological adjustment. These hypotheses aim to test the relationship of general self-determination, body image, body dissatisfaction, forms of regulation of eating behaviors, eating habits and psychological adjustment among each other.Methodology The study was done on 447 female students, ages 16 to 54 from two universitiesthe University of Ottawa and the Carleton University. Of these students 78.2% are taking undergraduate degrees from the University of Ottawa, 20% are graduate students from the same university, while the remaining 1.2% are enrolled at Carleton University. The researchers adopted several(prenominal) scales and indexes to test its hypotheses. Enumerated in the study are the General Motivation Scale (GMS), Teasing Assessment Scale, Body Dissatisfaction Subscale (EDI-BD), Regulation of Eating Behaviors Scale (REBS), Healthy Eating Habits Scale, Dysfunctional Eating (BULIT-R), Ps ychological Adjustment Index (PAI), Depressed Mood Scale (CES-D), Self-Esteem Scale (SES) and the Satisfaction with feel Scale (SWLS).The tests are composed of statements and questions, which the respondents assess using a Likert scale with around five to seven points for rating. The scales are usually divided in several subscales with equal number of items based on the nature of the hypothesis being tested. They have been previously used in other studies and their reliability and validity have been tested.Results and DiscussionThe study was able to prove all six hypotheses. These hypotheses will be discussed in three concourses. These groups are general self-determination and determinants of body dissatisfaction, general self-determination and forms of regulation of eating behaviors and consequences of the forms of regulation of eating behaviors on psychological adjustment. The last group will be divided into the society of autonomous and controlled eating regulation to healthy and dysfunctional eating habits and the relationship of eating behaviors with psychological adjustment.The first discussion group pertains to the first and second hypotheses. Findings show that general self-determination has a positive association with autonomous regulation of eating behaviors, while it has a negative association with controlled regulation of eating. In relation to this, general self-determination has a negative relation with socio-cultural pressures about body image and the endorsement of societys beliefs about thinness and obesity. On the contrary, socio-cultural pressures about body image and endorsement of societys beliefs about thinness and obesity have a positive association, while the latter is positively associated with body dissatisfaction.The cause for this yield was explained to be that the more women perceived socio-cultural pressures about body image, the more they internalized societal beliefs about thinness and obesity, which causes them to have bod y dissatisfaction. However, general self-determination allows them to be more motivated to act according to their own values, rather than be pressured socio-cultural messages of thinness. People with general self-determination are more likely to measure self-worth based on personal growth, meaningful relationships and other intrinsic values, rather than by using extrinsic values such as physical attractiveness.The second discussion group relates to the third and fifth hypotheses. It was found that both autonomous and controlled eating behaviors are good motivational mechanisms and have a positive association to body dissatisfaction. However, the association of controlled regulation, which is = .74 is stronger than autonomous regulations = .14. In addition to this, it was found that general self-determination in life caused them to be self-determined in the regulation of their eating behaviors, which is a specific life domain.The third discussion groups relates to the fourth, fifth and sixth hypotheses. As for the fourth and sixth hypotheses, majority of women who are dissatisfied with their body image eat in a restrictive manner due to the motivation to reduce body dissatisfaction caused by internal pressures such as guilt or attaint or external pressures such as media and parents about body image and the endorsement of beliefs about thinness and obesity.Controlled regulation has a positive association with dysfunctional eating behaviors and a negative associated with healthy eating behaviors. On the contrary, women with greater self-determination tend to have healthy eating habits because they have less chance of perceiving socio-cultural pressures about body image and internalize societal beliefs about thinness and obesity. Unlike its negative relation with dysfunctional eating behaviors, autonomous regulation has a positive relation to healthy eating behaviors.Lastly, as regards the last hypothesis, positive psychological adjustment are found have a pos itive connection with healthy eating behaviors. On the contrary, it has a negative relation with dysfunctional eating behaviors. The results of the study suggest that healthy eating behavior may be a necessary condition for global psychological adjustment.These findings may provide new approaches to understanding and treating body image-related issues and eating disorders. Having built the relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders, specialists may focus on increasing self-esteem rather than emphasizing the evils of unhealthy eating habits. They may also begin looking at the motivational perspective introduced in the study and adapt treatment according to what motivates a woman to adopt weight control habits.SummaryIn summary, the results were construe to show that societal pressures and self-determination may be seen as competing factors that determine body dissatisfaction, with societal pressures as the cause for the endorsement of societal beliefs about obes ity and thinness, while self-determination as the buffer against it. Both body dissatisfaction and self-determination have an effect on the kind of eating regulation a woman may adopt.This may result to either a healthy or dysfunctional eating habit among women. However, the authors offered an alternative explanation for the results. The explanation is actually a reverse of the second hypotheses. According to the authors, body dissatisfaction may have been the cause for women to endorse societys belief, rather than the inverse, because such dissatisfaction may lead women to honorarium more attention socio-cultural pressures about body image. Several other topics related to this area of research may be examined in the future. First, researchers can look at satisfaction or dissatisfaction caused by the body image formed relative to the body type of the person with whom a subject has constant contact with. rough people may feel less overweight when placed with obese people than when placed with thin people and vice versa. Second, researchers may delve into more deeply into other means women address body dissatisfaction such as exercise, and determine what factors cause women to choose a certain approach.This may also be related to general self-determination such that researchers may examine which between exercising or other means of addressing body dissatisfaction and dieting, or a combining of both, is used by women with different levels of self-determination. Lastly, the present study may also be replicated using different genders, attributes, and means of addressing body dissatisfaction. Very interesting results may arise from the study of gays and lesbians.

Course: Contract and Liquid Chemical Co.

The Cost Analysis for Decision Making project is intended to be a comprehensive evaluation of the key objectives covered throughout this course. It lead ch aloneenge you to apply your knowledge of cost information when evaluating the decision to make or buy a product. Please use this outline and grading burnish as a guide to completing your course project. It provides specific details of the required elements of the project, and it will be used by your instructor as a grading guide. Read Integrative Case 4-61, Make versus Buy, on pages 151 and 152 of the course text.Assume that you are the general manager (Mr. Walsh) faced with this decision. You have identified the following quaternion alternatives available to unstable chemic Co. Alternative A It is the status quo. (i. e. , Liquid Chemical Co. will continue making the containers and performing maintenance. ) Alternative B Liquid Chemical Co. will continue making the containers, entirely it will outsource the maintenance to Pa ckages, Inc. Alternative C Liquid Chemical Co. will buy containers from Packages, Inc. , but it will perform the maintenance. Alternative D It is completely outsourced. Packages, Inc. will make the containers and provide the necessary maintenance. Your project should include the following items Part (a) Discuss separately of the four alternatives outlined above. Identify the relevant be (including amounts) for for each one of the four alternatives, and explain why these costs are relevant to the decision. Identify any costs that are not relevant, and explain why they are not relevant. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative? Who benefits and who loses? Part (b) Other than the relevant costs identified in Part (a), what additional information would you use when making your decision? Are there financial factors other than those identified in the case study that you would incorporated into your decision? What nonfinancial information would affect your decision? Part (c) As the general manager, which alternative would you choose, and why? Support your conclusion with facts and figures, as necessary. The Liquid Chemical Company manufactures and sells a range of high-grade products. Many of these products require careful packaging.The caller has a special patented lining made that it uses in particularly designed packing containers. The lining uses a special material known as GHL. The firm operates a division that maintains and repairs its packing containers to keep them in effectual condition and that builds new ones to replace units that are damaged beyond repair. Mr. Walsh, the general manager, has for some time suspected that the firm might save money and blend in equally good service by buying its containers from an outside source. After careful inquiries, he has approached a firm specializing in container production, Packages, Inc. and asked for a quotation. At the very(prenominal) time, he asked Mr. Dyer, his chief accountant, t o let him have an up-to-date statement of the costs of operating the container department. Within a few days, the quotation from Packages, Inc. , arrived. The firm proposed to supply all the new containers requiredat that time, running at the rate of 3,000 per yearfor $1,250,000 a year, the contract to run for a guaranteed term of five years and thereafter renewable from year to year. If the number of containers required increased, the contract price would increase proportionally.Packages, Inc. , also proposed to perform all maintenance and repair take in on subsisting packaging containers for a sum of $375,000 a year, on the same contract terms. Mr. Walsh compared these figures with Mr. Dyers cost figures, which covered a years operations of the container department of the Liquid Chemical Company and appear in Exhibit 4. 13. Walsh concluded that he should immediately close the packing container department and sign the contracts offered by Packages, Inc. He felt an obligation, how ever, to ready the manager of the department, Mr.Duffy, an opportunity to question his decision before acting. Walsh told Duffy that Duffys own position was not in jeopardy. Even if Walsh closed his department, another(prenominal) managerial position was becoming vacant to which Duffy could move without any loss of get or prospects. The manager Duffy would replace also earned $80,000 per year. Moreover, Walsh knew that he was paid $85,000 per year in rent for a warehouse a couple of miles away that was used for other corporate purposes. If he closed Duffys department, hed have all the warehouse space he needed without renting additional space.Duffy gave Walsh a number of considerations to phone about(predicate) before he closed the department For instance, he said, what will you do with the machinery? It cost $1,200,000 four years ago, but youd be lucky if youd get $200,000 for it now, level off though its good for another five years. And then theres the stock of GHL (a specia l chemical) we bought a year ago. That cost us $1,000,000, and at the rate were using it now, itll last another four years. We used up however about one-fifth of it last year. Dyers figure of $700,000 for materials includes $200,000 for GHL.But itll be tricky stuff to business dealle if we enduret use it up. We bought it for $5,000 a ton, and you couldnt buy it today for less than $6,000. But youd get only $4,000 a ton if you sold it, after youd covered all the handling expenses. Walsh also worried about the workers if he closed the department. I dont think we can find room for any of them elsewhere in the firm. However, I believe Packages would take all but Hines and Walters. Hines and Walters have been with us since they left school 40 years ago. Id feel bound to give them a supplemental pension$15,000 a year each for five years, say.Also, Id figure a total severance pay of $20,000 for the other employees, paid in a lump sum at the time we sign the contract with Packages. Duf fy showed some relief at this. But I still dont like Dyers figures, he said. What about this $225,000 for general administrative overheads? You surely dont expect to sack anyone in the general office if Im closed, do you? Walsh agreed. Well, I think weve thrashed this out pretty well, said Walsh, but Ive been turning over in my mind the possibility of perhaps keeping on the maintenance work ourselves. What are your views on that, Duffy? I dont know, said Duffy, but its worth looking into. We wouldnt need any machinery for that, and I could hand the supervision over to the current supervisor who earns $50,000 per year. Youd need only about one-fifth of the workers, but you could keep on the oldest and save the pension costs. Youd still have the $20,000 severance pay, I suppose. You wouldnt save any space, so I suppose the rent would be the same. I dont think the other expenses would be more than $65,000 a year. What about materials? asked Walsh. We use 10 percent of the total on m aintenance, Duffy replied. Well, Ive told Packages that Id give them my decision within a week, said Walsh. Ill let you know what I decide to do before I write to them. Assume the company has a cost of capital of 10 percent per year and uses an income tax revenue rate of 40 percent for decisions such as these. Liquid Chemical would pay taxes on any gain or loss on the sale of machinery or the GHL at 40 percent. (Depreciation for book and tax purposes is straight-line over eight years. ) The tax basis of the machinery is $600,000. Also assume the company had a five-year time horizon for this project and that any GHL needed for Year 5 would be purchased during Year 5.

Speech against Animal Testing

Now ladies and gentlemen, I would like you guys to put on a think about this, without wight research, how long would it take for us to have a breakthrough in order for us to survive through small pox, rabies, malaria or any other severe diseases that had occurred in the past. If it werent for animal(prenominal) testing, we wouldnt be all sitting here, enjoying our lives. Thank you all for listening. 0 In the case of using primates in animal testing, the National inquiry and Medical Research Council has verbalize, Some biomedical research is best undertaken on primates in order to allow the greatest relevance to understanding health and disease in humans. A PHD student from the University of Sydney, Swetha Murali, is working in a neuropharmacology lab researching about the development of novel therapeutics for treating chronic pain. Murali likewise raised a number of concerns and argued, The first three be not alternatives at all. These animal dealers essential be licensed b y the fall in States Department of Agriculture and must adhere to Animal Welfare Act standards of care. Both dealers and research facilities can obtain dogs and cats only from specified sources and must comply with detailed record-keeping and waiting-period requirements. In addition, the United States Department of Agriculture conduct surprising inspections of dealers and research facilities for agreement to help en reliable research animals are not missing pets. 6They dont truly lead to the development of novel treatments, just a better understanding of the efficacy of existing ones. Meanwhile the last two are already normally use in most labs, but prior to and in conjunction with work and animals. Murali has also stated that and as powerful as modern computers are, thithers still simply no comparison the idea of successfully simulating the complexity present in organism- level biological systems is a pipe trance at present. 9 My third point would be that in that location i s no qualified and reliable substitution to animal testing.It has been reported that there are situations, where there are no viable alternatives to animal testing in order to enlarge the research of treatments to assist human beings from paltry a wide frame of diseases. This has been brought up by the National Health and Medical Research Council which stated, Animal experimentation remains crucial to a proportion of the funded research design to reign better ways of preventing, treating and curing human diseases, and there are many situations where no alternatives exist. 7 The American Association for Laboratory Animal Science stated that, While some research requires that dogs and cats are used, the vast majority of laboratory animals are rodents specifically bred for research. Nearly half of the dogs and cats needed for research are also bred for that purpose. Since state laws and local policies prevent many animal pounds and shelters from providing dogs and cats to research facilities, animal dealers are the primary source for the other half of the animals scientists require. 5Good morning teachers and fellow classmates. like a shot I will be presenting my point of view towards the issue of animals being used in testing and research. Animals such as mice, rats and primates are used in the further research for the sake of us human beings, either health or cosmetic wise, and also tested on animals to make sure they have no life-threatening side effects. This act has being carried out for years, and to abolish it now would be a real shame and itll bring an devastation to the further advancement of human health. I assume that most of you guys think that animal testing will involve big needles injecting into those little cute, furry rodents. besides I assure you, its not. It has been stated that the procedure throughout the whole testing will keep the animals distress to a minimal. Also the people who are involved in this project are all animal lovers, which mean that they arent doing this for enjoyment, but for the health of the greater well. As they say Good skill and good animal welfare go hand in hand. In the UK, the experiments that were carried out have been classified as mild, moderate or substantial. In December 2001, licensed experiments that happened in the UK were 39% mild, 55% moderate, 2% substantial and 4% that are unclassified. Judging from these statistics, it is shown that very few experiments have caused substantial suffering to the animals tested. This also leads to my second point. Many of these animals that were killed in animal testing were specifically bred for this purpose. 3These animals would not have been alive at all if they werent needed for animal testing. Also keep in mind that they were bred under humane conditions, which means, they had the right amount of nutrition to be healthy and also in an environment that were adjacent to home for them. In certain parts of the world, purposely-bred animals were not available, and in these cases, animals that were used must be obtained through licensed and regulated dealers that meet standard criteria where it was suitable laboratory research. 4

Mendocino Triple Junction

The deformational chronicles of the tectonic cuticles is examined from the standpoint of movement of the numerous rifts bounded by the structural topography and environment and by the fault kinematics attached with the lately industrialized San Andreas transform margin. Accumulation and subduction are continuing underneath the continental margin join of the Mendocino fracture partition off, with the linkage from the San Andreas fault system from the south. The free burning deformation collect to the interactions among the Gorda, Pacific, and newton American plates are collectively called the Mendocino two-fold articulation.The Mendocino triple Junction stands for the setting of extreme change in plate tectonic processes from the convergence in the Cascadia subduction (north of the Mendocino Triple Junction) and the translation in the San Andreas system (south of the Mendocino Triple Junction. The abrupt changes form this tectonic processes resulted in the dramatic change in the thermic region in North America and the evolution in the lithosphere formation in the said region (Dickinson and Snyder, 561 Lachenbruch and Sass, 195-197 Zandt and Furlong, 377-378).The unstable intersection of the fault zones called the Mendocino Triple Junction divided the Pacific region, and North America, including North California. The meeting pointThe Mendocino Triple Junction is an unstable triple junction located in the North California west microscope slide that is comprised of the intersection of the Pacific case, the North American Plate, and the Gorda Plate (Oppeheimer et al. 1666). The junction has complex plate activities due to unstable destructive in a higher place 6.5 in magnitude earthquakes that occurred everywhere the past 100 years (Dengler et al., 48-50). The positioning of the Mendocino Triple Junction has transferred from its original location in the Los Angeles latitude to Cape Mendocino over the depart decades. (Jachens and Griscom, 9380-9385) .One of its junctions, the San Andreas Fault, is located in the northwest-southwest portion of North America and the Pacific. The Pacific Plate moves northward simultaneously as the North American Plate moves to another region to collide with the Pacific Plate (Henstock, doi10.1029/2001JB000902). The precise location of the San Andreas Fault is not established because of the complexities of the orbital cavity (Simlila, 1402). Since the year 1800, statistics have shown that s til now earthquakes have taken place with the least of magnitude four in the scale (Kelsey and Carver, 4799-4811).Another junction in the Mendocino group is the Cascadia subduction zone that is located north of the Mendocino Triple Junction. The 15-degree subduction angle continues to escalate as the depth of the subducting plate increases (Dengler et al., 45). Earthquakes in this area occur after 300 to 560 years, depending upon ruptures if the zone crossing point (Clarke and Carver, 190).The last area to be included in the Mendocino Triple Junction is the Gorda plate. The eastward movement of the Gorda Plate caused a clockwise movement in the Juan de Fuca plates, a plate formerly part of the Gorda region. The Mendocino zone remained still while the Gorda Plate repositions itself and interacts simultaneously with the Pacific Plate, then, increasing its deformation over time (Stoddard, 11527-11529).The Mendocino Fault is a zone located between the Pacific Plate in the south and the Gorda Plate in the north. The lateral movement of this fault contributed to seismic activities in Cape Mendocino, extending to the coast of the Gorda Plate. Earthquakes have been reported along the Mendocino Fault in 1994 as the most recent and massive tectonic plate movements with an rapture of 7.4 (Dengler et al., 45-50).In this actively deforming area, put thrusts and the axes of folds overlying blind thrusts in the accretion prism offshore are oriented west-northwest and project southeastwardto align wi th several moderately low- to steep-dipping faults inshore. In the onshore region, the rocks bounded by these faults correspond to increasingly more distal parts of the uplifted accretion margin from northeast to southwest.The underlying problem is then grow in the steep-dipping Pacific-North American plate boundary and to be related to ongoing northward propagation of the San Andreas movement. The area south of Cape Mendocino is significantly associated with the Pacific-North American faulting and the transition of the plate boundary.The Future of Mendocino Triple JunctionThe history of the activities in the Mendocino Triple Junction can be a potential benchmark for the cause and intensity of future earthquakes, tectonic plate ruptures, and ground breakdown. The rupture in the plates is the immediate effect of the activities happening in the Mendocino Triple Junction. Ground shaking can by choice have an effect to structures, which is measured in the logarithmic scale to determ ine the intensity of the earthquake.Ground shaking is accountable for most loss of life and semisynthetic property destruction throughout an earthquake so the importance of diachronic evaluation and earthquake assessment can help in the improvement of structure and architectural designs and standards. The shaking intensity during an earthquake is dependent on the position of the land area hit by the massive ground activity, the type of dishonor and the slope of the vicinity, and its distance from the earthquakes epicenter.Seismologists have monitored that a number of regions tend to repetitively encounter robust seismic trembling than other zones. This is due to the ground beneath these regions is comparatively compressible than the other parts of the district. Soft soils intensify and amplify groundSoft soils also intensify shear waves, creating a more hazardous and damaging effects on both structure lay on the ground. Individuals living in the area that have experienced sev ere earthquakes will be likely to suffer strong earthquakes in the future depending upon the distance of the region to the epicenter (source) of the massive ground shaking.Amplification is caused when a seismic wave moves through subsurface materials and is amplified to produce relatively higher horizontal and vertical motion. In contrast, bedrock has a tendency to dampen seismic waves and therefore reduce ground motion.About one-quarter of the entire earthquake energy released in California during historic times has occurred along the Humboldt County coast. The size, location, and frequency of past earthquakes give an recital of what to expect in the future. Strong earthquakes with epicenters onshore have recurred about every 20 years.Since the 1870s, the largest of the historic seismic activity in the area of the Mendocino Triple Junction reached a magnitude of 7.2, which took place in 1923. The Northern Coast affected areas have been the focal point in the Gorda Plate activity. The recurrence of the earthquakes in this area occurs every two years. Neighborhood in the coastal expanse from Cape Mendocino to Eureka has been smashed into frequent ground shaking than the remainder of the Humboldt County.Earthquakes have merely ever affected Northern Humboldt County in history. On the other hand, because the historic documentation is comparatively transitory, regions not distressed in the past may even be at danger. Massive and huge earthquakes have been a part of the lives on the north coast so residents ought to take measures to get ready for any earthquakes to come.Up to date earthquake activity consists of several large-scale happenings in the Cape Mendocino district. Three powerful earthquakes hit Cape Mendocino area, with magnitudesof 7.1, 6.6, and 6.7, respectively , in 1992. A strong upheaval set upon the north coast in the Cape Mendocino area with a magnitude of 5.6 last January 1997. The earthquake was situated on the Mendocino fault extremely close t o the Mendocino Triple Junction.The United States Geological Service (USGS) set up new building codes in preparation for the severe earthquakes in the Mendocino Triple Junction belt. Building codes provide the first line of defense against future earthquake damage and help to ensure public safety, said the USGS. According to the records of USGS, historical accounts provided a firm basis for revising building codes to more fully reflect the need for extra strength in structures built on soft ground.Designing and building large structures is always a challenge, and that challenge is compounded when they are built in earthquake-prone areas. More than 60 deaths and about six gazillion dollars in property damage resulted from the Loma Prieta earthquake (caused by the San Andreas Fault). As earth scientists learn more about ground motion during earthquakes and structural engineers use this reading to design stronger buildings, such loss of life and property can be reduced. Earthquake-re sistant plan and construction are necessary to plummeting earthquake losses. These code amendments are a major step toward better earthquake safety to withstand large earthquakes can be further improved with groundwork bolts, cut off walls, and special strengthening strategies. ReferencesClarke S. H. Jr. and Carver G. A., Late holocene tectonics and paleoseismicity, southern Cascadia subduction zone, Science, 255188-192, 1992. Dengler, L., G. Carver, and R. McPherson, Sources of north coast seismicity, Calif. Geol. 48, 43-53, 1992. Dengler, L., Moley, K., McPherson, R., Pasyanos, M., Dewey, J., and Muray, M, 1995, The September 1, 1994 Mendocino fault earthquake, California Geology, v. 48, p 43-53, 1995. Dickinson, W. R. and W.S. Snyder, Geometry of Triple junctions related to San Andreas transform, J. Geophys. Res., 84(B2), 561-572, 1979. Henstock, T.J., and A. Levander, expression and seismotectonics of the Mendocino Triple Junction, California, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B5, 2260), doi10.1029/2001JB000902. Jachens, R.C. and A. Griscom, Three-dimensional geometry of the Gorda plate beneath northern Californa. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 9375-9392, 1983. Kelsey, H.M. and G.A. Carver, Late Neogene and Quaternary tectonics associated with northward growth of the San Andreas fault, northern California. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 4797-4819, 1988. Lachenbruch, A. H. and Sass, J. H., Thermo-mechanical aspects of the San Andras, in Proc. Conf. On the architectonic Problems of the San Andreas Fault System, edited by R. Kovach and A. Nur, 192-205, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, Calif., 1973. Oppenheimer, D., G. Beroza, G. Carver, L. Dengler, J. Eaton, L. Gee, F. Gonzalez, A. Jayko, W.H. Li, M. Lisowski, M. Magee, G. Marshall, M. Murray, R. McPherson, B. Randall, G.R., Ammon, C.J, and Owens, T.J., Moment tensor estimation using regional seismograms from a Tibetan Plateau portable network deployment, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1665-1668, 1995. Simila, G.W, Peppin, W.A., and McEvi lly, T.V., Seismotectonics of the Cape Mendocino, California, area. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 86, 1399-1406, 1976. Stoddard, P.R., A kinematic pose for the evolution of the Gorda plate, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 11524-11532, 1987. Zandt, G. and K. Furlong, Evolution and Thickness of the lithosphere beneath coastal Caifornia, Geology, v. 10, 376-3